联合学习是一种新颖的框架，允许多个设备或机构在保留其私有数据时协同地培训机器学习模型。这种分散的方法易于遭受数据统计异质性的后果，无论是在不同的实体还是随着时间的推移，这可能导致缺乏会聚。为避免此类问题，在过去几年中提出了不同的方法。然而，数据可能在许多不同的方式中是异构的，并且当前的建议并不总是确定他们正在考虑的异质性的那种。在这项工作中，我们正式地分类数据统计异质性，并审查能够面对它的最显着的学习策略。与此同时，我们介绍了其他机器学习框架的方法，例如持续学习，也处理数据异质性，并且可以很容易地适应联邦学习设置。

我们介绍了IST和Unmabel对WMT 2022关于质量估计（QE）的共享任务的共同贡献。我们的团队参与了所有三个子任务：（i）句子和单词级质量预测；（ii）可解释的量化宽松；（iii）关键错误检测。对于所有任务，我们在彗星框架之上构建，将其与OpenKIWI的预测估计架构连接，并为其配备单词级序列标记器和解释提取器。我们的结果表明，在预处理过程中合并参考可以改善下游任务上多种语言对的性能，并且通过句子和单词级别的目标共同培训可以进一步提高。此外，将注意力和梯度信息结合在一起被证明是提取句子级量化量化宽松模型的良好解释的首要策略。总体而言，我们的意见书在几乎所有语言对的所有三个任务中都取得了最佳的结果。

从有限的资源中获得最大收益可以进步自然语言处理（NLP）研究和实践，同时保守资源。这些资源可能是数据，时间，存储或能源。NLP的最新工作从缩放率产生了有趣的结果。但是，仅使用比例来改善结果意味着资源消耗也会扩展。这种关系激发了对有效方法的研究，这些方法需要更少的资源才能获得相似的结果。这项调查涉及NLP效率的方法和发现，旨在指导该领域的新研究人员并激发新方法的发展。

Modern machine learning models are opaque, and as a result there is a burgeoning academic subfield on methods that explain these models' behavior. However, what is the precise goal of providing such explanations, and how can we demonstrate that explanations achieve this goal? Some research argues that explanations should help teach a student (either human or machine) to simulate the model being explained, and that the quality of explanations can be measured by the simulation accuracy of students on unexplained examples. In this work, leveraging meta-learning techniques, we extend this idea to improve the quality of the explanations themselves, specifically by optimizing explanations such that student models more effectively learn to simulate the original model. We train models on three natural language processing and computer vision tasks, and find that students trained with explanations extracted with our framework are able to simulate the teacher significantly more effectively than ones produced with previous methods. Through human annotations and a user study, we further find that these learned explanations more closely align with how humans would explain the required decisions in these tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/coderpat/learning-scaffold

这项工作提出了一种用于参与感测的无线传感器网络的提议，其中IOT传感装置特别用于监测和预测空气质量，作为高成本气象站的替代方案。该系统称为PMSening，旨在测量颗粒材料。通过将原型收集的数据与来自车站的数据进行比较来完成验证。比较表明，结果是关闭的，这可以为问题提供低成本解决方案。该系统仍然呈现了使用反复性神经网络的预测分析，在这种情况下，在这种情况下，预测呈现与实际数据相关的高精度。

指数族在机器学习中广泛使用，包括连续和离散域中的许多分布（例如，通过SoftMax变换，Gaussian，Dirichlet，Poisson和分类分布）。这些家庭中的每个家庭的分布都有固定的支持。相比之下，对于有限域而言，最近在SoftMax稀疏替代方案（例如Sparsemax，$ \ alpha $ -entmax和Fusedmax）的稀疏替代方案中导致了带有不同支持的分布。本文基于几种技术贡献，开发了连续分布的稀疏替代方案：首先，我们定义了$ \ omega $ regultion的预测图和任意域的Fenchel-young损失（可能是无限或连续的）。对于线性参数化的家族，我们表明，Fenchel-Young损失的最小化等效于统计的矩匹配，从而概括了指数家族的基本特性。当$ \ omega $是带有参数$ \ alpha $的Tsallis negentropy时，我们将获得````trabormed rompential指数）''，其中包括$ \ alpha $ -entmax和sparsemax和sparsemax（$ \ alpha = 2 $）。对于二次能量函数，产生的密度为$ \ beta $ -Gaussians，椭圆形分布的实例，其中包含特殊情况，即高斯，双重量级，三人级和epanechnikov密度，我们为差异而得出了差异的封闭式表达式， Tsallis熵和Fenchel-Young损失。当$ \ Omega $是总变化或Sobolev正常化程序时，我们将获得Fusedmax的连续版本。最后，我们引入了连续的注意机制，从\ {1、4/3、3/3、3/2、2 \} $中得出有效的梯度反向传播算法。使用这些算法，我们证明了我们的稀疏连续分布，用于基于注意力的音频分类和视觉问题回答，表明它们允许参加时间间隔和紧凑区域。

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by collaborative filtering, we define a general class of models that includes many MIRT models. We discuss the use of penalized joint maximum likelihood (JML) to estimate individual models and cross-validation to select the best performing model. This model evaluation process can be optimized using batching techniques, such that even sparse large-scale data can be analyzed efficiently. We illustrate our approach with simulated and real data, including an example from a massive open online course (MOOC). The high-dimensional model fit to this large and sparse dataset does not lend itself well to traditional methods of factor interpretation. By analogy to recommender-system applications, we propose an alternative "validation" of the factor model, using auxiliary information about the popularity of items consulted during an open-book exam in the course.

Real-world robotic grasping can be done robustly if a complete 3D Point Cloud Data (PCD) of an object is available. However, in practice, PCDs are often incomplete when objects are viewed from few and sparse viewpoints before the grasping action, leading to the generation of wrong or inaccurate grasp poses. We propose a novel grasping strategy, named 3DSGrasp, that predicts the missing geometry from the partial PCD to produce reliable grasp poses. Our proposed PCD completion network is a Transformer-based encoder-decoder network with an Offset-Attention layer. Our network is inherently invariant to the object pose and point's permutation, which generates PCDs that are geometrically consistent and completed properly. Experiments on a wide range of partial PCD show that 3DSGrasp outperforms the best state-of-the-art method on PCD completion tasks and largely improves the grasping success rate in real-world scenarios. The code and dataset will be made available upon acceptance.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) captures cross-sectional data and is used for the screening, monitoring, and treatment planning of retinal diseases. Technological developments to increase the speed of acquisition often results in systems with a narrower spectral bandwidth, and hence a lower axial resolution. Traditionally, image-processing-based techniques have been utilized to reconstruct subsampled OCT data and more recently, deep-learning-based methods have been explored. In this study, we simulate reduced axial scan (A-scan) resolution by Gaussian windowing in the spectral domain and investigate the use of a learning-based approach for image feature reconstruction. In anticipation of the reduced resolution that accompanies wide-field OCT systems, we build upon super-resolution techniques to explore methods to better aid clinicians in their decision-making to improve patient outcomes, by reconstructing lost features using a pixel-to-pixel approach with an altered super-resolution generative adversarial network (SRGAN) architecture.

Using Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems with extensive sensing arrangements on every civil structure can be costly and impractical. Various concepts have been introduced to alleviate such difficulties, such as Population-based SHM (PBSHM). Nevertheless, the studies presented in the literature do not adequately address the challenge of accessing the information on different structural states (conditions) of dissimilar civil structures. The study herein introduces a novel framework named Structural State Translation (SST), which aims to estimate the response data of different civil structures based on the information obtained from a dissimilar structure. SST can be defined as Translating a state of one civil structure to another state after discovering and learning the domain-invariant representation in the source domains of a dissimilar civil structure. SST employs a Domain-Generalized Cycle-Generative (DGCG) model to learn the domain-invariant representation in the acceleration datasets obtained from a numeric bridge structure that is in two different structural conditions. In other words, the model is tested on three dissimilar numeric bridge models to translate their structural conditions. The evaluation results of SST via Mean Magnitude-Squared Coherence (MMSC) and modal identifiers showed that the translated bridge states (synthetic states) are significantly similar to the real ones. As such, the minimum and maximum average MMSC values of real and translated bridge states are 91.2% and 97.1%, the minimum and the maximum difference in natural frequencies are 5.71% and 0%, and the minimum and maximum Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) values are 0.998 and 0.870. This study is critical for data scarcity and PBSHM, as it demonstrates that it is possible to obtain data from structures while the structure is actually in a different condition or state.